Counseling and divorce

Counseling and divorce Executive Summary Counseling is an essential aspect in the field of psychology. This principle was introduced so as an avenue of tackling issues that require a third party in any given situation. Counseling has a number of counseling tools that guide a counselor on how to approach each situation. There are a variety of life changing situations that may cause a strain to the normal development of an individual (Sells Yarhouse, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Counseling and divorce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These situations may be permanent or temporary, avoidable or unavoidable depending on the circumstance at hand. One of the ways a person can overcome these changes and move forward is through guidance and counseling. Counseling enables an affected party to cope with their current state so as to maintain their previous mental, physical and emotional state before the infliction of change. It is thus ideal to analyze the components of counseling in relation to the provided topic. As stated earlier, life changing situations cause a person to lose ground making them vulnerable to the rest of society. A common life changing experience that people go through is divorce (Worthington, 2005). Divorce takes place in different stages depending on the cultural background of the involved persons. Divorce in the country continues to rise due to the change in cultural perceptions in society. A counselor has to establish a sense of ethics so as to represent the principles involved when approaching each situation. The different approaches taken by the counselor determines the improvement experienced during therapy. Dealing with divorce requires a proper understanding of the stages experienced during the whole process. Proper understanding of the patient’s stages assists the counselor in examining the patient who in turn achieves a healthy mental state (Blocher, 2000). Introduction One of the present issues that communities face in a large magnitude is the dynamic of divorce. Divorce is basically the end of a marriage or union that binds two people whose unity is recognized by society. Divorce affects the people involved and the immediate surrounding, making it a key issue in present day. The end of a marriage is one of the most difficult experiences to undergo in any cultural setting. One of the end results of divorce is the change of the emotional and mental state of an individual. The use of counseling is thus recommended as a problem solving tool. In order to approach any counseling topic, a counselor needs to identify a number of elements that shape the study.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This in turn, dictates on the way a counselor approaches each circumstance. A look at the principles of counseling in regard to dealing with i ssues of divorce requires a number of procedures for success to be achieved. This leads to a proper understanding of the growth effectiveness of family counseling over the years (Orlans Van, 2009). The focus of this paper is to provide an analysis of components of counseling in a cultural and a multicultural settings. Counseling comprises of principles that control the field and all the aspects that are involved. The paper looks at the observation of counseling and the ethical research practices followed when conducting counseling. The topic in this case is divorce in the country and the role of counseling in such situations. The paper entails the discussion of principles of responsible research conduct in the counseling field that involves the description of problems in the past studies that have encouraged the development of ethical standards. The paper looks at the various ethical considerations in conducting a research study. This is summed up with the analysis of the central c omponents of the counseling as a field in psychology. The above is done with the consideration of the topic at hand which is divorce in the country. The paper further provides a concluding paragraph that summarizes the components of the research and the way forward. Counseling as a field in psychology Counseling as a profession has changed over the years due to change in a number of variable aspects. This change is brought about by a number of conducted researches that seek to define the modern approach of the current situation. It is significant to understand the initial stages of counseling so as to recognize the changes experienced over the years. This involves the proper understanding of the history of counseling and its role in the advancement in psychology. Counseling was introduced in the country in the 1950s owing to the recognition of the vitality of its contribution to understanding the mental state of an individual. Counseling has as a result made major strides which have changed the society’s perception of the field (Perry, 2008). The early forms of counseling are traced to the collaboration of a number of credible societies at the time. Another factor that proved to be a major contributor to the growth of counseling is the occurrence of the world wars. The world wars changed the political, social economic and environmental state of the country and its citizens. Early counseling had some disadvantages such as lack of ethics and proper diagnosis of a patient.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Counseling and divorce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This created a negative attitude towards counselors and therapist thus slowing the development of the industry (Worthington, 2005). Most of the affected individuals changed their view of the normal life they were accustomed to. It was difficult to communicate with people undergoing such situations making the intervention from a professional the ideal way to interject. The introduction of family counseling was thus recommended to all people who displayed a change in character as a result of their involvement of the war. This step resorted to a number of discovering which acted in favor of the use of counseling as problem solving tool. Most of the issues were related to the world war at the time making it the central issue. This however, changed on the introduction of counseling of number issues such as marriage, family, professional, educational and career. The merging of counseling with a number of life experiences led to improvement of the emotional condition of individuals. This in turn, created the conduction of a number of research topics that paved the way of modern counseling. One of the essential changes made to the field was the definition of the principles and ethics in the trade (Blocher, 2000). Ethics is a significant concept to observe when practicing counseling. Counseling involves listenin g to the issues of an individual so as to offer guidance. This should be done without interference of personal opinions and gain. It is difficult to observe ethical counseling due to the fact that counselors are also human beings. It is therefore expected for personal experiences to influence the proper judgment of a professional. Ethics involves respecting the current condition of the patient without passing judgment. Another ethical aspect looks at the observation of confidentiality between the patient and the counselor.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is difficult to observe in that some of the information revealed in the counseling room is beneficial to outside parties. Maintaining ethics in counseling enables patients to feel comfortable so that they can respond to their treatment adequately. It thus considered one of the key principles when taking on the responsibility of being a counselor (Perry, 2008). Another factor to take into consideration when offering counseling is the difference in the cultural practices. Culture is a way of life since it determines the way individuals perceive different situations, events and practices. One of the elements of culture is its aspect of diversity. A cultural practice that is accepted in one place can be completely deified in another place. Proper understanding of a person’s culture is thus essential when offering counseling. Multicultural situations also dictate on the way a counselor approaches an issue. Being culturally sensitive entails learning about the different forms of cultural and ethical diversities. This acquaints a counselor with the level of tolerance of each patient has (Worthington, 2005). Divorce in the United States As stated earlier, divorce is the permanent dissolution and separation of two people who are legally bound in a marriage. This is one of the most difficult experiences owing to the societal view of the divorce being associated with failure. The rate of divorce is on the rise making the issue more critical than ever. A number of coping factors have been introduced to overcome the hardships that come with the situation at hand. These factors are, however, effective depending on the culture. The possibility of divorce brings forth the change of the circumstances of people involved. These changes are life changing and thus act as a barrier to the progress one needs to move to the next stage in life. In order to tackle divorce associated issues one has to understand the major causes of divorce amongst married couples (Orlans Va n, 2009). Marriage is presumed to be everlasting in the fact that a couple should only be separated by death. This notion is defined by a number of authoritative references such as the Bible and the Koran which influence the cultural practice of a particular community. Society relies on young couples to continue the growth and sustainability of the family though reproduction. This makes marriage arguably one of the vital goals of each individual in society. Having a successful family provides a backbone for the improvement of any society. This is initiated with a prosperous marriage that entails the healthy union of a couple (Worthington, 2005). The perception of Marriage has been changed over the years owing to the change of culture. In the past communities were not regularly accustomed to issues of divorce and separation due to shame and condemnation by the public. This made married couples strive to make their unions successful by avoiding all forms of scandals. Some argue that m arriages in the past experienced the same difficulties and challenges as that of the present. The only difference is that people in the past preserved all the hardships to avoid any form of judgment by the watchful community. The change in social causes such as globalization, education, human rights, women rights and the economic state of the country have influenced the dynamics of this institution. This has in turn, changed the views of the majority of the communities making people understand the divorced. Despite the change of the perception of divorce by society, people are still forced to avoid the occurrence due to the level of turmoil experienced during the event. Divorce is thus defined by the change of one’s comfortable situation to a different or alternative state. This change is uncertain since it affects the economic and social aspects of a person’s lifestyle. Divorce varies from couple to couple making the solution and approach different in each case. It is thus the responsibility of the counselor to recognize the problems at hand (Blocher, 2000). Approaches taken during counseling divorced parties Counseling is one of the recommended steps when two people are undergoing a divorce. People going through divorce stand to lose a lot apart from their spouses, for instance, their economic status, social status, acquaintances and custody of their children. This is a significant change owing to the amount of dedication involved when forming these relationships. Losing some of these relationships changes the entire life of an individual. Divorce also disrupts the life of a person in that they have to build their life from scratch. This requires an enormous amount of work and dedication which in most cases is not easily attained. People undergoing divorce are recommended to seek alternative forms of advice and counseling apart from their family. This is to remove any forms of influence from a relative or friend of one of the divorcees (Worthin gton, 2005). Taking on alternative advice from a third party is, therefore, one of the recommended choices to make. Counseling services can be provided from professional in the community depending on their qualification in the field. The most recognized form of however requires the use of a therapist who is well equipped with the psychological knowhow in the field. A therapist is well versed with the various mental states a person experiences from the loss of life to divorce (Orlans Van, 2009). America is one of the leading countries that records the highest divorce rates. More than fifty percent of the country’s population have either gone through a divorce or they originate from the divorced families. The society is, therefore, knowledgeable about the effects of divorce on an individual. A therapist should be able to to provide the patient guidance on the way forward. Divorce is a culturally sensitive topic following the level of diversity in the country. It is essential f or a counselor to remove all forms of bias without ignoring the different cultural aspects in each case. A number of methodologies are recommended when dealing with multicultural issues. Counseling research is thus pivotal in the fact that it creates awareness of the new forms of research available in the field. The ethical and theoretical foundations of multicultural research ensure that a counselor observes the different behavioral patens and character traits displayed by each person (Perry, 2008). Dealing with divorce Professional counseling requires a therapist to distance oneself from the primary parties in this situation. This, however, allows for the counselor to acquire all forms of personal information which dictate the advice to give. A counselor should be able to identify the state a patient is witnessing in order to provide an analysis of their mental and emotional reaction. One of the theories that a counselor uses to form a precise understanding of different stages and developments is conducting an examination on the developments of patients from the inception of the treatment (Sells Yarhouse, 2011). There are different stages that people display when receiving guidance from a therapist. The first stages portray emotions of anger, grief, shame and anxiety. All these character traits are reflective of the emotions and mental feelings that the patient undergoes. The cultural background of the patient is a major factor since it influences the amount of time taken to overcome these stages. A counselor should look into the different alternatives available to the patient so as to provide the correct form of advice. Despite the significant role diversity influences the process of divorce, the patients show the same feelings such as personal failure. The failure of a marriage may lead to different emotional states such as depression, hopelessness and low self esteem. Therapy enables a person to acquire a new perspective on the way forward in their new l ife (Perry, 2008). An essential aspect in divorce is the future of the children. Children turn out to be the most affected persons when a couple divorces. The children are at the center of conflict due to their connection to both parents. Children are also in their early stages of development and are more vulnerable to the outcomes of the divorce. Therapist should actively involve the parents in the progress of their children. This as a result solves a number of issues such as acting out amongst their peers and in school. The main aim of counseling is to restore the previous healthy state that a person experienced before the event. Both parties thus have to come to an understanding on the direction they would like their relationship to progress. Divorces last for as long as ten years due to the fight of interested parties such as custody and property. Counseling eases the hardships that people in this situation undergo making the process progress in the long run. Conclusion The chan ge in society continues to affect the rate of divorce in and outside the country. Most marriages end as a result of lack of understanding of their spouses. The inability to reconcile marital differences acts as a cause for a lifelong journey. It is inevitable to control the rate of divorce due to the fact that it is a personal affaire. Society should thus aim at ensuring people to cope well with it when exposed to such situations. One of the recent introductions in the field of psychology is the provision of counseling for people experiencing divorce. Counseling uses the principles of psychology to analyze, examine and diagnose issues and challenges faced. This as a result creates a health environment whereby the growth and sustainability of the members of the community can continue to prevail. References Blocher, D. H. (2000). The evolution of counseling psychology. New York: Springer. Orlans, V., Van, S. S. (2009). A short introduction to counselling psychology. Los Angeles: SAGE . Perry, C. W. (2008). Basic counseling techniques: A beginning therapists tool kit. Bloomington, IN: Author House. Sells, J. N., Yarhouse, M. A. (2011). Counseling couples in conflict: A relational restoration model. Downers Grove, Ill: IVP Academic. Worthington, E. L. (2005). Hope-focused marriage counseling: A guide to brief therapy. Downers Grove, Ill: InterVarsity Press.

SUMMARY of The Untold Story of Milk chapter 14 Essay

SUMMARY of The Untold Story of Milk chapter 14 - Essay Example The consequence of this realization was the invention of homogenization since it could fix the milk’s emulsion. As such scientists in the late 1890’s invented the homogenization process as a means of emulsifying margarine. This process entailed the [passing of milk through hair-like tubules machine that helped in breaking the fat particles to much smaller granules hence the milk would remain in an emulsified state. another advantage of pasteurization was that it allowed milk to be transported for long distances. Hence both pasteurization and homogenization ensured that milk would stay emulsified and fresh for longer periods. However, these practices were not easily embraced by the consumers because these processes changed both the milk’s flavor and eliminated the famous cream line present in the traditional milk. Therefore, the industry players had a hard time convincing the consumers about the advantages of skimmed milk. In addition, to the rigidity in the adoption of skimmed milk there are other untold stories behind pasteurized and homogenized milk. Kurt Oster a native German scientist, who fled the Nazi war for America, was the first scientist to research on the connection of skimmed milk and cardiac diseases. His curiosity was however, triggered by the absence of plasmalogen in the arteries and the presence of xanthine Oxidase (XO), a hormone that should not be present in the blood arteries. His initial study was aimed at investigating plasmalogen which forms a substantial part of the surrounding muscles of the heart as well as the cells that form the arteries walls. The lack of plasmalogen in these tissues triggered an urge in Oster to do more research especially after associating it to atherosclerosis. In addition, Oster experienced two heart attacks and this created the rage to research more on cardiac ailments. However, as he researched he did not find

Selecting Source of Literature Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Selecting Source of Literature - Assignment Example The articles also support the various solutions and recommendations that can be used to reduce obesity levels among many nurses globally. Proposed change- The article proposes a number of interventions that can be used to prevent obesity in many hospitals globally. This includes the use of sedentary living styles to prevent, control and reduce weight gain among older nurses. Nature of the problem-This article provides a detailed description of the problem of Obesity among the nurses community in the United States. The article also covers some of the major causes of obesity as well as premature mortality rates in the U.S health institutions. Mortality rate- The article states that the relative mortality rate of obesity cases is about forty percent among female nurses and sixty percent among male older nurses. This results into about seven percent deaths in the United States. Proposed change-The article describes various obesity causes such as alcohol drinking, smoking and poor healthy habits. The article clearly supports the proposed change of avoiding smoking and eating healthy foods as ways of controlling obesity. Statistical information- The article clearly states that obesity is the largest health problem in U.S. Increase in obesity is attributed to the high number of junk food outlets in the country and poor healthy living habits. Proposed change-The article also provides various solutions that can be used in controlling obesity among adult population globally. The article proposes the abolition of many junk food outlets in order to reduce obesity among adult population. This clearly supports my proposed change of reducing the number of fast food outlets in the country to reduce obesity. Bottone Jr., F. G., Musich, S., Wang, S. S., Hommer, C. E., Yeh, C. S., & Hawkins, K. (2014).Obese older adults report high satisfaction and positive experiences with care. BMC Health Services Research, 14(1),

First Documentary Essay Example for Free

First Documentary Essay Robert Flaherty’s classic film tells the story of Inuit hunter Nanook and his family as they struggle to survive in the harsh conditions of Canada’s Hudson Bay region. I’d say that the vast majority of footage is staged, in the sense that Flaherty told the actors what to do in order to fit the frame. Yet there is a weird authenticity to what Flaherty ends up with, probably because of all the stories and local culture he had absorbed in the months preceding. Flaherty’s aim was to document a way of life, not a series of incidents that happened to occur while his camera was on. He represents his subject to the audience, portraying staged events as real but on the other hand, the theme is the battle of humans against nature and the fight for survival in a hostile environment. Although the film is only showing a few people, it can be seen as an exploration of the world of a different people and their culture. Much of the action was staged and gives an inaccurate view of real Inuit life during the early 20th century. Nanook was in fact named Allakariallak, for instance, while the wife shown in the film was not really his wife. And although Allakariallak normally used a gun when hunting, Flaherty encouraged him to hunt after the fashion of his ancestors in order to capture what was believed to be the way the Inuit lived before European influence. The most impressive characteristic in his way of filming is how he spent a few months in the Arctic to record the daily life of the Eskimo, Nanook and his family on camera (the hunting, fishing, building of igloos, fur-trading, child care, and the sleigh-dogs). Its dramaturgic and narrative sophistication is by showing the daily life of Nanook and his family, Flaherty avoids a reserved or distanced position from the protagonists and allows for the audience to identify with them, although they are exotic primitives, Flaherty’s Eskimos are acting subject, no ethnographical objects . Additionally, Flaherty did not show any signs of the clumsiness of a beginner in his cinematographic abilities. Not only did he know how to take good pictures, he also knew how to tell stories with them. He used long takes mainly, which are realized by a motionless position of the camera (with only a few pans) and the action is caught mainly using a medium close-up distance of framing. Like his models, Flaherty used a linear narrative in chronological order, mostly unedited and story-lines are not resolved. Also, following their fashion, he used dramatic effects by restricting the view with the camera to create suspense; by letting pictures run through the frame slowly, disclosing their meaning and purpose only gradually. A good example for this is the opening sequence, introducing the dramatis personae: Nanook and his family, Nyla, his wife with the youngest baby on her arms, the children Allee, Cunayou, and Comock, and the husky. This way of filming expresses the exploration of the world of a different people and their culture. We see the hunters creeping inch by inch upon a herd of slumbering walruses, and then Nanook springing up and harpooning one, and then a fierce struggle in which the mate of the walrus joins the battle. Such scenes simplify Inuit life to its most basic reality. In this land the only food comes from other animals, which must be hunted and killed. Everything the family uses; its food, fuel, clothing and tools, comes in some way from those animals, except for the knives and perhaps harpoon points, which they obtain at a trading post. The effects created here is the fact that a lot of the action in Nanook was initiated by the Eskimos themselves, such as the walrus hunt. This becomes clear during the take in which a fur-trader attempts to entertain Nanook with a gramophone. Nanook plays the simple-minded wild man who uses his teeth to check how the white man conserves his voice on a record. The other example, is during the he construction of an igloo. Nanook and his friends carve big blocks of snow and stack them in a circle, carving new ones from the floor so that it sinks as the walls rise and curve inward to form a dome. Then he finds sheets of ice, cuts holes in the igloo walls, and inserts the ice to make windows. There is another igloo, a smaller one, for the dogs. And inside the big igloo, the tiniest igloo of all, for puppies, which the big dogs would quickly eat. Conclusions Although the story of Nanook’s family is unscripted, Flaherty approached them with a preconceived idea of what he would film. Accounting for decisions about what would and would not be filmed, the notion that he has captured real life becomes vague. The Eskimos look directly at the camera, aware that they are being filmed. Flaherty even brought film processing equipment with him, so he could develop and view the reels as he shot them. The Eskimos viewed the reels as well and understood what was going on. Furthermore, Flaherty intended to create a feature film, as features were popular in theaters at the time. He included aspects of features in his work such as dramatic narrative, characters with personalities, conflicts and resolutions. At 79 minutes, it was considered feature length at the time. He simply chose to use unscripted, uncostumed non-actors in a natural setting. References Robert Flaherty. Nanook of the North: A story of life and love in the actual arctic.

Essay --

Wernekink commissure syndrome secondary to ischemic stroke: severe dysarthria is one of the main characteristics of this syndrome Introduction Pure midbrain infarctions are relatively rare. Several midbrain syndromes such as Weber’s, Claude’s and Benedikt’s syndrome had been described extensively before. Because of its rarity, clinicians do not frequently confront Wernekink commissure syndrome, but it is one of the midbrain syndromes. Wernekink commissure involves the decussation of dentatorubrothalamic pathway, which provides cerebrocerebellum connections through superior cerebellar peduncle in midbrain. Its main characteristics are bilateral cerebellar dysfunction, occasional oculomotor signs including internuclear ophtalmoplegia or palatal tremor [1-3]. We report a case of a patient with Wernekink commissure syndrome due to focal infarction in the caudal paramedian midbrain presenting with anarthria and bilateral cerebellar ataxia. Case Report A 62-year-old male current smoker was admitted to stroke unit in our hospital because of sudden onset dizziness, impaired speech and gait disturbance. He could barely walk without assistance. On admission day, his vital signs were normal except a blood pressure of 162/94 mmHg. He was alert and not dysphasic but his pronunciation was markedly slurred. He could not pronounce a single syllable. The extraocular movements were full, but he showed saccadic pursuit in all directions. Upbeating nystagmus appeared when he gazed upward. All limb extremities showed Medical Research Council (MRC) Grade 5 motor power and sensory examinations did not reveal any abnormality. Motor incoordinations were detected with finger-to-nose, heel-to-shin and rapid alternating movement test on both sides, the le... ...in the adult]. Revue neurologique 98 (6):435-477 3. Liu H, Qiao L, He Z (2012) Wernekink commissure syndrome: a rare midbrain syndrome. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 33 (6):1419-1421. doi:10.1007/s10072-012-0966-4 4. Mossuto-Agatiello L (2006) Caudal paramedian midbrain syndrome. Neurology 66 (11):1668-1671. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000218180.03127.11 5. Zhu Y, Liu HN, Zhang CD (2010) Wernekinck commissure syndrome is a pure midbrain infarction. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 17 (8):1091-1092. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.11.032 Figure Legend Fig.1. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed diffusion restriction located in the paramedian midbrain (arrowheads).

Organized Crime Exam 2 Study Guide

Exam Review 3/28/13 10:32 AM Rockefeller and Standard Oil (2) Proliferation of organized crime caused by: †¢ Collapse of Soviet Union †¢ Explosion of global markets Primary businesses †¢ Drugs †¢ Arms †¢ Human Trafficking – 3rd largest growing criminal industry o Article Handed out – On Test o 2 Components ? Labor ? Sex Trafficking o 1/3 of human trafficking resources come from craigslist Globalization and nexus of terrorism, differences from org crime †¢ Terrorism is inherently an organization that destroys politics, organized crime nurtures and infiltrates politics.Terr subvert government, org crime wants to maintain and run a parallel organiztion Where organized crime groups thrive †¢ Tri-border coiuntries – ability to cross, human trafficking, etc. Al Queda †¢ Using La Comorra to forge documents 3 different types of traditional organized crime †¢ Sicilian †¢ La Comorra from Sp prisons †¢ L’Ndranga? Popular in Australia and Canada, origin in slums of Collabria, Italy 4 types †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ of terrorism Criminal – profit, psychological gain EcoterroristsIdeological terrorism – effort to change political power. Mubarak in Egypt Nationalistic terrorism – terr activity that supports the interest of an ethnic or ____ group EX Afghanistan †¢ State sponsored terrorism – state threaten to use violence internationally, N KOREA Theories behind org crime †¢ Anomie – normlessness by Angle Durkheim. Robert Murton picked up on that theory. Break down his concept into GOALS and MEANS. 5 Categories of ppl o Conformity o Innovation o Ritualism o Retreatism o RebellionEdwin Sutherland Theory of_____ †¢ Close, intimate personal groups teach you mechanics and justification for criminal behavior Shawn McCay †¢ Concentric circles, Zone 2 the Zone of transition, where most crim activity is identified Theory of Olin – theo ry of relative deprivation and differential opportunity †¢ 3 categories o Retreat o Conflict o Criminal Ethnic succession concept Motorcycle Gangs †¢ 1%ers †¢ Probate, Citizen, Run, Colors, Significance of Harley Davidson repair manual †¢ 4 most notorious gangs †¢ Who Sonny Barger isLatino Organized Crime †¢ Columbia – world’s primary cocaine industry. o Political strife, civil war between wealthy landowners la Valencia o Castro overthrows Batista, how many narcotraffickers settle in N America o How Columbians began to export cocaine to Cuba, but eventually Cuba becomes their own organization o Medallin – first significant Columbian Cartel (Criminal Network resembling a holding company or corporation). Ocha family, primary family in the medallin cartel. ? Pablo Escobar – 1970s nothing but a drug dealer.By 1980s, emerged to such power that he attempted to engotaiot with Columbian govt to forego xtradition. They refused, he con tinues to promote drug organizeiton until he was assassinated o Followed by Cali Cartel ? Elmhurst Jackson Heights in Queens NY – little Columbia ? The Rejula brothers founded it. Incarcerated †¢ Mexico o PRI rule mexico for 70 years. Taken over by opposition party under Vicente fox †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ o Drug trafficking – initially working with Columbians, ****For every 2kilos brought in, Columbians gave 1 free**** Eventually Mexicans establish their own contacts – grow a majority of cocaine in Bolivia and peru, operate independently of Columbia o Amazucas Cartel – distinct notoriety in Methamohetamine o Sonola Cotel – Gusman/El Chapo / Shorty – mentioned in an ARTICLE ? How most powerful drug traffickers run their business o Tijuana Cartel – borders San Diego. ? Operated by 7 brothers, 4 sisters. o Sonora Cartel – borders Arizona Dominican Republic o Notorious transshipment point o Uptown manhattan pa rt of Washington Heights Known for moving large amts of heroin and crack cocaine v powder coke MS13 o El Salvador formed o Notoriously violent in el Salvador and N America La M o Prison based gang o Rely on wholesale violence o Now rivals a second Mexican-American Gang LA NUESTRA FAMILIA o Mexican Mafia still fueds with them o Primary business since it was formed in prisons is providing heroin in the Mexican prison system ARTICLE A JOURNEY INTO HELL – Not on test ***** 3/28/13 10:32 AM 3/28/13 10:32 AM Organized Crime Exam 2 Study Guide Exam Review 3/28/13 10:32 AM Rockefeller and Standard Oil (2) Proliferation of organized crime caused by: †¢ Collapse of Soviet Union †¢ Explosion of global markets Primary businesses †¢ Drugs †¢ Arms †¢ Human Trafficking – 3rd largest growing criminal industry o Article Handed out – On Test o 2 Components ? Labor ? Sex Trafficking o 1/3 of human trafficking resources come from craigslist Globalization and nexus of terrorism, differences from org crime †¢ Terrorism is inherently an organization that destroys politics, organized crime nurtures and infiltrates politics.Terr subvert government, org crime wants to maintain and run a parallel organiztion Where organized crime groups thrive †¢ Tri-border coiuntries – ability to cross, human trafficking, etc. Al Queda †¢ Using La Comorra to forge documents 3 different types of traditional organized crime †¢ Sicilian †¢ La Comorra from Sp prisons †¢ L’Ndranga? Popular in Australia and Canada, origin in slums of Collabria, Italy 4 types †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ of terrorism Criminal – profit, psychological gain EcoterroristsIdeological terrorism – effort to change political power. Mubarak in Egypt Nationalistic terrorism – terr activity that supports the interest of an ethnic or ____ group EX Afghanistan †¢ State sponsored terrorism – state threaten to use violence internationally, N KOREA Theories behind org crime †¢ Anomie – normlessness by Angle Durkheim. Robert Murton picked up on that theory. Break down his concept into GOALS and MEANS. 5 Categories of ppl o Conformity o Innovation o Ritualism o Retreatism o RebellionEdwin Sutherland Theory of_____ †¢ Close, intimate personal groups teach you mechanics and justification for criminal behavior Shawn McCay †¢ Concentric circles, Zone 2 the Zone of transition, where most crim activity is identified Theory of Olin – theo ry of relative deprivation and differential opportunity †¢ 3 categories o Retreat o Conflict o Criminal Ethnic succession concept Motorcycle Gangs †¢ 1%ers †¢ Probate, Citizen, Run, Colors, Significance of Harley Davidson repair manual †¢ 4 most notorious gangs †¢ Who Sonny Barger isLatino Organized Crime †¢ Columbia – world’s primary cocaine industry. o Political strife, civil war between wealthy landowners la Valencia o Castro overthrows Batista, how many narcotraffickers settle in N America o How Columbians began to export cocaine to Cuba, but eventually Cuba becomes their own organization o Medallin – first significant Columbian Cartel (Criminal Network resembling a holding company or corporation). Ocha family, primary family in the medallin cartel. ? Pablo Escobar – 1970s nothing but a drug dealer.By 1980s, emerged to such power that he attempted to engotaiot with Columbian govt to forego xtradition. They refused, he con tinues to promote drug organizeiton until he was assassinated o Followed by Cali Cartel ? Elmhurst Jackson Heights in Queens NY – little Columbia ? The Rejula brothers founded it. Incarcerated †¢ Mexico o PRI rule mexico for 70 years. Taken over by opposition party under Vicente fox †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ o Drug trafficking – initially working with Columbians, ****For every 2kilos brought in, Columbians gave 1 free**** Eventually Mexicans establish their own contacts – grow a majority of cocaine in Bolivia and peru, operate independently of Columbia o Amazucas Cartel – distinct notoriety in Methamohetamine o Sonola Cotel – Gusman/El Chapo / Shorty – mentioned in an ARTICLE ? How most powerful drug traffickers run their business o Tijuana Cartel – borders San Diego. ? Operated by 7 brothers, 4 sisters. o Sonora Cartel – borders Arizona Dominican Republic o Notorious transshipment point o Uptown manhattan pa rt of Washington Heights Known for moving large amts of heroin and crack cocaine v powder coke MS13 o El Salvador formed o Notoriously violent in el Salvador and N America La M o Prison based gang o Rely on wholesale violence o Now rivals a second Mexican-American Gang LA NUESTRA FAMILIA o Mexican Mafia still fueds with them o Primary business since it was formed in prisons is providing heroin in the Mexican prison system ARTICLE A JOURNEY INTO HELL – Not on test ***** 3/28/13 10:32 AM 3/28/13 10:32 AM

British Poor Law Reform in the Industrial Revolution

One of the most infamous British laws of the modern age was the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. It was designed to deal with the rising costs of poor relief, and reform a system from the Elizabethan era unable to cope with the urbanization and industrialization of the Industrial Revolution (more on coal, iron, steam) by sending all able-bodied people in need of poor relief into workhouses where conditions were deliberately harsh. The State of Poverty Relief Before the Nineteenth Century The treatment of the poor in Britain before the major nineteenth-century laws depended on a large element of charity. The middle class paid a Parish poor rate and often saw the increasing poverty of the era merely as a financial worry. They often wanted the cheapest, or most cost-effective, way of treating the poor. There was little engagement with the causes of poverty, which ranged from illness, poor education, disease, disability, underemployment, and poor transport preventing movement to regions with more jobs, to economic changes which removed domestic industry and agricultural changes which left many without jobs. Poor harvests caused grain prices to rise, and high housing prices led to greater debt. Instead, Britain largely viewed the poor as one of two types. The ‘deserving’ poor, those who were old, handicapped, infirm or too young to work, were considered blameless as they obviously couldn’t work, and their numbers stayed more or less even across the eighteenth century. On the other hand, the able-bodied who were without work were considered ‘undeserving’ poor, thought of as lazy drunkards who could have got a job if they needed one. People simply didn’t realize at this point how the changing economy could affect workers. Poverty was also feared. Some worried about deprivation, those in charge worried about the increase in expenditure needed to deal with them, as well as a widely perceived threat of revolution and anarchy. Legal Developments Before the Nineteenth Century The great Elizabethan Poor Law Act was passed at the start of the seventeenth century. This was designed to fit the needs of the static, rural English society of the time, not that of the industrializing centuries afterward. A poor rate was levied to pay for the poor, and the parish was the unit of administration. Unpaid, local Justices of the Peace administered the relief, which was supplemented by local charity. The act was motivated by the need to secure public order. Outdoor relief – giving money or supplies to people on the street – was coupled with indoor relief, where people had to enter a ‘Workhouse’ or similar ‘correctional’ facility, where everything they did was tightly controlled. The 1662 Act of Settlement acted to cover up a loophole in the system, under which parishes were shipping sick and destitute people into other areas. Now you could only receive relief in your area of birth, marriage or long-term living. A certificate was produced, and the poor had to present this if they moved, to say where they came from, impinging on freedom of labor movement. A 1722 act made it easier to set up workhouses into which to funnel your poor, and provided an early ‘test’ to see if people should be forced in. Sixty years later more laws made it cheaper to create a workhouse, allowing parishes to team up to create one. Although the workhouses were meant for the able-bodied, at this point it was mainly the infirm that were sent to them. However, the Act of 1796 removed the 1722 workhouse act when it became clear a period of mass unemployment would fill the workhouses. The Old Poor Law The result was the absence of a real system. As everything was based on the parish, there was a huge amount of regional diversity. Some areas used mainly outdoor relief, some provided work for the poor, others used workhouses. Substantial power over the poor was given to local people, who ranged from honest and interested to dishonest and bigoted. The whole poor law system was unaccountable and unprofessional. Forms of relief could include each rate payer agreeing to support a certain number of workers – depending on their poor rate assessment — or just paying wages. The ‘rounds’ system saw laborers sent round the parish until they found work. An allowance system, where food or money was given out to people on a sliding scale according to family size, was used in some areas, but this was believed to encourage idleness and poor fiscal policy among the (potentially) poor. The Speenhamland System was created in 1795 in Berkshire. A stop-gap system to stave off mass destitution, it was created by the magistrates of Speen and quickly adopted around England. Their motivation was a set of crises which occurred in the 1790s: rising population, enclosure, wartime prices, bad harvests, and fear of a British French Revolution. The results of these systems were that farmers kept wages down as the parish would make up the shortfall, effectively giving employers relief as well as the poor. While many were saved from starvation, others were degraded by doing their work but still needing poor relief to make their earnings economically viable. The Push to Reform Poverty was far from a new problem when steps were taken to reform the poor law in the nineteenth century, but the industrial revolution had changed the way poverty was viewed, and the impact it had. The rapid growth of dense urban areas with their problems of public health, housing, crime, and poverty was clearly not suited to the old system. One pressure to reform the poor relief system came from the rising cost of the poor rate which rapidly increased. Poor-rate payers began to see poor relief as a financial problem, not fully understanding the effects of war, and poor relief grew to 2% of the Gross National Income. This difficulty was not spread evenly over England, and the depressed south, near London, was hit hardest. In addition, influential people were beginning to see the poor law as out of date, wasteful, and a threat to both the economy and the free movement of labor, as well as encouraging large families, idleness, and drinking. The Swing Riots of 1830 further encouraged demands for new, harsher, measures on the poor. The Poor Law Report of 1834 Parliamentary commissions in 1817 and 1824 had criticized the old system  but offered no alternatives. In 1834 this changed with the creation of the Royal Commission of Edwin Chadwick and Nassau Senior, men who wanted to reform the poor law on a utilitarian basis. Critical of amateur organization and desirous for greater uniformity, they aimed for the ‘greatest happiness for the greatest number.’ The resulting Poor Law Report of 1834 had is widely regarded as a classic text in social history. The commission sent out questionnaires to over 15,000 parishes and only heard back from around 10%. Then they send assistant commissioners to roughly a third of all poor law authorities. They were not seeking to end the causes of poverty – it was considered inevitable, and necessary for cheap labor – but to change how the poor was treated. The result was an attack on the old poor law, saying it was costly, badly run, out of date, too regionalized and encouraged indolence and vice. The suggested alternative was the strict implementation of Bentham’s pain-pleasure principle: the destitute would have to balance the pain of the workhouse against getting a job. Relief would be given for the able-bodied only in the workhouse, and abolished outside it, while the state of the workhouse should be lower than that of the poorest, but still employed, laborer. This was ‘less eligibility’. The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act A direct response to the 1834 report, the PLAA created a new central body to oversee poor law, with Chadwick as secretary. They sent out assistant commissioners to oversee the creation of workhouses and the implementation of the act. Parishes were grouped into unions for better administration – 13,427 parishes into 573 unions – and each had a board of guardians elected by ratepayers. Less eligibility was accepted as a key idea, but outdoor relief for the able-bodied wasn’t abolished after political opposition. New workhouses were built for them, at the expense of the parishes, and a paid matron and master would be in charge of the difficult balance of keeping workhouse life lower than paid labor, but still humane. As the able-bodied could often get outdoor relief, the workhouses filled with the sick and old. It took until 1868 for the entire country to be unionized, but the boards worked hard to provide efficient and occasionally humane services, despite sometimes difficult agglomerations of parishes. Salaried officials replaced volunteers, providing a major development in local government services and the collection of other information for policy changes (e.g. Chadwick’s use of the poor law health officers to reform public health legislation). Education of poor children was begun inside. There was opposition, such as the politician who referred to it as the â€Å"starvation and infanticide act†, and several locations saw violence. However, opposition gradually declined as the economy improved, and after the system became more flexible when Chadwick was removed from power in 1841. Workhouses tended to swing from nearly empty to full depending on the bouts of periodic unemployment, and the conditions depended on the generosity of the staff working there. The events in Andover, which caused a scandal for the poor treatment, were unusual rather than typical, but a select committee was created in 1846 which created a new Poor Law Board with a president who sat in parliament. Criticism of the Act The evidence of the commissioners has been called into question. The poor rate was not necessarily higher in areas making large-scale use of the Speenhamland system and their judgments on what caused poverty were wrong. The idea that high birth rates were connected to allowance systems is now also largely rejected. Poor rate expenditure was already falling by 1818, and the Speenhamland system was able to mostly disappear by 1834, but this was ignored. The nature of unemployment in industrial areas, created by the cyclical employment cycle, was also misidentified. There was criticism at the time, from campaigners who highlighted the inhumanity of the workhouses, to Justices of the Peace upset they had lost power, to radicals concerned with civil liberties. But the act was the first national, monitored central government program for poor relief. Outcome The basic demands of the act weren’t being properly implemented by the 1840s, and in the 1860s the unemployment caused by the American Civil War and the collapse of cotton supplies led to outdoor relief returning. People began to look at the causes of poverty, rather than simply reacting to ideas of unemployment and allowance systems. Ultimately, while the costs of poor relief initially fell, much of this was due to the return of peace in Europe, and the rate rose again as the population rose.